In this post, we look at the weekly overtime (OT) hours typically worked by those who work in roofing occupations.

Many of the employees that work in these jobs are not exempt from FLSA overtime pay and earn 1.5 times pay for hours worked over 40 in a given week.

The tabulations below are based on U.S. BLS survey data. The BLS job title groups are insightful, generally containing more specific job titles with similar knowledge, skills, and abilities (KSA), but can be more broad than a particular company’s job title listing. Also, some companies may have the job title listed here as exempt from FLSA or state OT due to their specific job assignments. The BLS does not make a distinction as to if the job title is exempt or non-exempt from OT.

U.S. BLS data indicates that approximately 23.64% of roofers work overtime hours in a given week.  On average, these workers that have FLSA overtime work approximately 13.3 hours a week in OT. The average regular or straight time pay rate of these workers in the U.S. is approximately 15.23 an hour.  The average FLSA OT rate, not including supplemental pay such as non-discretionary bonus pay is 22.84 an hour.

Source: BLS (CPS March)

In this post, we look at the weekly overtime (OT) hours typically worked by those who work in automotive body and related repair occupations.

Many of the employees that work in these jobs are not exempt from FLSA overtime pay and earn 1.5 times pay for hours worked over 40 in a given week.

The tabulations below are based on U.S. BLS survey data. The BLS job title groups are insightful, generally containing more specific job titles with similar knowledge, skills, and abilities (KSA), but can be more broad than a particular company’s job title listing. Also, some companies may have the job title listed here as exempt from FLSA or state OT due to their specific job assignments. The BLS does not make a distinction as to if the job title is exempt or non-exempt from OT.

U.S. BLS data inddicates that approximately 26.92% of automotive body and related repairers work overtime hours in a given week.  On average, these workers that have FLSA overtime work approximately 13.3 hours a week in OT. The average regular or straight time pay rate of theise workers in the U.S. is approximately 18.77 an hour.  The average FLSA OT rate, not including supplemental pay such as non-discretionary bonus pay is 28.16 an hour.

Source: BLS (CPS March)

A pension band is a figure that is used when calculating the monthly benefit for a defined benefit pension program.  A pension band figure, which is typically changes each year, is generally a dollar amount that the person will receive monthly for each year of service with the employer when they retire..  The pension band generally varies by job title/grade level/occupation covered by a pension plan.. Once assigned, the job title, grade level and occupation will generally remain in that band unless the job title, grade level and occupation (by location) are later reclassified to a different pension band.

Example of Basic Monthly Benefit Calculation.

The following hypothetical example shows how a basic monthly benefit is calculated assuming: •

You are in pension band 115.

The monthly benefit for pension band 115 is $55.49

In this example, the monthly benefit for a person with 30 years of credited service would be

Monthly benefit for pension band 115 ($ 55.49 Multiplied by 30 years of net credited service x 30 Basic monthly benefit =  $1,664.70

The FLSA does not address flexible or alternative work schedules.  According to the DOL, Alternative work arrangements such as flexible work schedules are a matter of agreement between the employer and the employee (or the employee’s representative).  The DOL has numerous articles and opinion letters concerning alternative and flexible work schedules.  A example of a 2009 DOL opinion letter can be found here.

(Work in progress…)

An example of a time clock rounding analysis in a wage and hour case.  In this case, we describe a case example involving a large mid western employer.  The data utilized in this analysis is the time data received for the February 28, 2003 to December 18, 2011 time period.  The data contained 66,452 records.

In this wage and hour time rounding case the defendant and plaintiff disagree on a number of key data issues.  One party states, that in his analysis “all 66,452 shifts described in the data set were considered.”  The other party states that this statement is completely incorrect use of the data in this case.  First and foremost, they argue that there are 13,877 records which do not have any rounded time entries or punch time entries.  It appears as though one party utilized these records in his calculations of percentage

In those records where there are no time entries, the record would appear to have neutral rounding (that is, blank compared to blank).  Including these records in the data artificially increases the number of neutral rounding.  One party argues that this is especially problematic because the opposing expert includes the neutral rounding in with the rounding in one party’s favor, which distorts the results.

Second, parties argue that there are an additional 7,089 records with inappropriate pay code names that should not be included in the meal or rounding analyses. These codes have duplicate entries of the time data, no hours paid, or have $0 associated with them in the pay data.

Third, further analysis showed that there are an additional 8,245 records that have duplicate entries for the start time, end time, and punch times from other records on the same days. These records also contain paid hours that would need to be included in determining the total number of hours paid in a particular day.  For these records, the number of hours paid should be included in the total number of hours paid for that day.  However, the parties argue the rounded time and actual time worked should not include the duplicated time records for these days.

After the three cuts described above, one side argues that the remaining 35,000 or so records are the appropriate starting point for the analysis. The parties argue that utilizing the data cuts results in drastically different results in the time clock rounding analysis.

4.  Definitions:
   2. Total rounded time is calculated from the start and end times in the data. Total actual time is calculated from the punch in and out times in the data.  The amount of time that was rounded is calculated by comparing the rounded time to the actual time worked.
   3. The percent of punch sets with time gained is the number of instances where the punch set showed a rounding in the employees’ favor, divided by the total number of punch sets. Whereas the percent of punch sets with time lost is the number of instances where the punch set showed a rounding in the employers’ favor, divided by the total number of punch sets.
   3. Time gained due to rounding is the total amount of time rounded in instances where the punch set showed a rounding in the employees’ favor. Time lost due to rounding is the total amount of time rounded in instances where the punch set showed a rounding in the employers’ favor.  Net time gained / lost due to rounding is the sum of time gained and time lost.

(Work in progress…)

An example of a time clock rounding analysis in a wage and hour case.  In this case, we describe a case example involving a large mid western employer.  The data utilized in this analysis is the time data received for the February 28, 2003 to December 18, 2011 time period.  The data contained 66,452 records.

In this wage and hour time rounding case the defendant and plaintiff disagree on a number of key data issues.  One party states, that in his analysis “all 66,452 shifts described in the data set were considered.”  The other party states that this statement is completely incorrect use of the data in this case.  First and foremost, they argue that there are 13,877 records which do not have any rounded time entries or punch time entries.  It appears as though one party utilized these records in his calculations of percentage

In those records where there are no time entries, the record would appear to have neutral rounding (that is, blank compared to blank).  Including these records in the data artificially increases the number of neutral rounding.  One party argues that this is especially problematic because the opposing expert includes the neutral rounding in with the rounding in one party’s favor, which distorts the results.

Second, parties argue that there are an additional 7,089 records with inappropriate pay code names that should not be included in the meal or rounding analyses. These codes have duplicate entries of the time data, no hours paid, or have $0 associated with them in the pay data.

Third, further analysis showed that there are an additional 8,245 records that have duplicate entries for the start time, end time, and punch times from other records on the same days. These records also contain paid hours that would need to be included in determining the total number of hours paid in a particular day.  For these records, the number of hours paid should be included in the total number of hours paid for that day.  However, the parties argue the rounded time and actual time worked should not include the duplicated time records for these days.

After the three cuts described above, one side argues that the remaining 35,000 or so records are the appropriate starting point for the analysis. The parties argue that utilizing the data cuts results in drastically different results in the time clock rounding analysis.

4.  Definitions:
   2. Total rounded time is calculated from the start and end times in the data. Total actual time is calculated from the punch in and out times in the data.  The amount of time that was rounded is calculated by comparing the rounded time to the actual time worked.
   3. The percent of punch sets with time gained is the number of instances where the punch set showed a rounding in the employees’ favor, divided by the total number of punch sets. Whereas the percent of punch sets with time lost is the number of instances where the punch set showed a rounding in the employers’ favor, divided by the total number of punch sets.
   3. Time gained due to rounding is the total amount of time rounded in instances where the punch set showed a rounding in the employees’ favor. Time lost due to rounding is the total amount of time rounded in instances where the punch set showed a rounding in the employers’ favor.  Net time gained / lost due to rounding is the sum of time gained and time lost.

At its core, the analysis of time clock rounding allegations in a wage and hour or FLSA case is straight forward  That is, the analysis typically involves determining if the time clocking rounding was neutral or did it favor the employee or employer, more times than not?

In practice, the analysis can be surprisingly somewhat complicated.  The complications generally arise with reading and converting data to a usable format and interpreting the time punch entries.  Both of these steps can have an impact on the underlying time clock rounding calculation  A two step data process is common in a lot of wage and hour and FLSA time rounding cases.

Generally, getting the time punch data into an electronic format is preferable to data entry.  However, the data provided by many time keeping systems, such as Kronos or others, are not directly compatible with popular spreadsheet and data base programs like Excel and Access.  In many (if not most) instances, the data will need to be converted before it can be used  for an analysis in a wage and hour or FLSA case analysis.

Step 1: Converting the data

First, the time punch is converted using either OCR or text conversion programs to a raw text format.  The raw format of the time data is typically very messy.  However, as long as the conversion is accurate and the data is laid out in the same format, the messiness of the data is typically not a big problem.

Step 2: Producing a usable data set

Second, computer routines written in data analysis programs, such as STATA, are used to convert the data into an analyzable format.  A usable data format  for data in a wage and hour or FLSA time rounding case  is one where the data is laid out into. columns and rows of data.

Calculating OT correctly for non-exempt employees can be complicated.  The complication often revolves around the fact that there is one definition of a overtime rate but there are multiple ways to calculate the total overtime and straight time compensation owed to an employee.  If the underlying components of the OT computation are correctly calculated then the different methodologies should yield equivalent total compensation amounts .

Background

Under FLSA, non-exempt employees are paid OT at a rate of one and half times the regular rate.  The regular rate of pay is based on the individuals total compensation, which includes the employee’s base rate of pay and certain bonuses and  total hours worked in the work week.  Generally, under FLSA OT is paid on all hours above 40 in a work week.

The FLSA does not explicitly define a work week(http://biznik.com/articles/department-of-labor-approves-9-day-work-schedule-w-o-overtime.)  For some employees a work week is typically defined as a 7-day Sunday to Saturday time period.  For some job positions, like fire fighters and employees on alternative week schedules the employers overtime rate calculation is based on a different work week schedule.   The 9-80 work week is an example of a compressed work week schedule. ( http://www.wage-hour.net/post/2012/05/26/What-Is-A-980-Pay-Plan.aspx)  Under the compressed work week the employee works 9 days in a two week period but not more than 40 hours in either workweek. According to Fisher Phillips:

Under a typical 9/80 arrangement, the non-exempt employee works four 9-hour days, followed by an 8-hour workday day that is split into 4-hour portions by the mid-day ending of the first workweek, and then works four more 9-hour days in the second workweek.  The key is that the employee’s workweek ends during the 8-hour workday, causing the first four hours worked that day to fall into one workweek and the remaining four hours worked that day to fall into the next workweek.  In this way, the employee’s hours worked in each workweek do not exceed 40.

There are certain conditions that the employer must meet to be able to switch to a compressed work week.

Law enforcement and fire protection employees also typically have a different work week.  (http://www.dol.gov/whd/regs/compliance/whdfs8.pdf).  For these employees,

A “work period” may be from 7 consecutive days to 28 consecutive days in
length. For work periods of at least 7 but less than 28 days, overtime pay is required when the number of hours worked exceeds the number of hours that bears the same relationship to 212 (fire) or 171 (police) as the number of days in the work period bears to 28.

In certain states, like California, individuals are paid OT on the hours above 8 worked in a day.  In California, individuals are generally paid double time or 2 times their regular rate of pay, on hours worked in excess of 12 in a day. There is no provision for double time under the FLSA.

In California, employers may adopt what are known as Alternative Work Week Schedules that define a workweek differently from the standard 7 day time period or 5 day, 40 hour week from Monday to Friday.  Before adopting an alternative work week schedule the employer must meet certain criteria and the alternative work week must be approved by the employees in an election.  Alternative work week schedules include 4/40, 8/80 and 9/80.  (http://www.calhr.ca.gov/employees/pages/alternate-work-week-policy.aspx)

This site provides a database of the Alternative Work Week adoptions for the State of California. http://www.dir.ca.gov/databases/oprl/DLSR-AWE.html.  See also http://www.calpeculiarities.com/2013/05/29/tired-of-the-9-5-grind-consider-an-alternative-workweek-schedule/

The short answer is:  Generally no they do not get rolled into the regular rate of pay for the purpose of calculating an employee’s overtime (OT).  However, calculating the applicable regular rate of pay to be used in calculating overtime for a tip employee is a little different from that of non-tipped employees.

To illustrate, consider the following Midwestern restaurant chain.  The manager of one of the  regions is reviewing its overtime policy for its tipped employees.

FLSA allows tipped employees to be paid less than the minimum wage. In this state, like the federal law, tipped employees are paid a minimum of $2.13 per hour. In the state employers.  Employers of tipped employees can claim a tip credit up to the difference between the cash payment requirement of $2.13 and the minimum wage of $7.25.  So in this state the employer can take a maximum tip credit of $5.12 ($7.25 – $2.13).

The restaurant pays its employees a rate less than minimum. (The employees of course continue to work at the location because of the tips that they earn as waiters and servers!) The restaurant claims a tip credit of $5.12 per hour.   In the chain, the restaurant employees retain all their tips as required by FLSA, but they do take part in a valid tip pooling arrangement with other employees (bussers and service bartenders in this case example)  who regularly receive tips.

How NOT to calculate the OT rate for its tipped employees:

Unlike its non-tipped employees, the restaurant can not simply pay its tipped employees an overtime rate equal to 1.5 times the employees hourly rate.  That is the employer can not simply pay $3.20 per hour ($2.13 x 1.5) for the employees OT.

How to calculate the OT rate for its tipped employees:

So in this example, the employee’s OT rate should by $5.76 for hours worked over 40 in a week.

Fed. Min. Wage: $7.25

OT rate: 1.5

OT Hourly Rate:  $10.88 ($7.25 x 1.5)

minus employer tip credit: $5.12 ($7.25-$2.13)

OT rate for tipped employees : $5.76

So in practice, the actual OT rate will vary by state since different states have different minimums. However, in general the calculation follows as above.

Resources:

Fact Sheet #15: Tipped Employees Under the Fair Labor Standards Act (FLSA) 

California Tipped Employees